In order to benefit from hadiths, as one of the major sources of religious knowledge, it is necessary to know about the biographical and scholastic identities of the narrators of those hadiths. As a matter of fact, investigating the scholastic status of a narrator should be preceded by gaining biographical knowledge about him. To this end, valuable attempts have been made to extract any possible information about hadith narrators and organize it into unified datasets. This can help researchers detect why a given narrator has been mentioned with different NAMEs or titles. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this research delves into hadith sources and biographies to detect why a narrator is sometimes referred to with numerous NAMEs or titles. As the results of the study show, the main factors in this regard are the deliberate misspelling or mispronunciation of NAMEs, disparity of NAMEs, differences among biographical and hadith sources, existence of confusable NAMEs and titles, brevity of the lists of narrators, conciseness of NAMEs, and deliberate multiplication of NAMEs.

With regard to such principles and rules as gradual unity and optional existential movement, human being’s existence would become extended to such an extent which his unity of SPECIES turn into gradual unity and, finally, into MULTIPLICITY in SPECIES. Feiz Kashani in some cases has treated human being in a model in agreement with unity in SPECIES. He, however, on the basis of an existential attitude and relying on the mentioned principles, has put his thought on human being in some other models of which one can infer gradual unity of SPECIES, MULTIPLICITY in quiddity and SPECIES necessarily along with gradual unity of SPECIES, SPECIES MULTIPLICITY of NAMEs. It should be stated that in this study, not in a scattered manner and not regardless of their time and occurrences in his works, but the diagram of models according to different parts of his age and their occurrences has been put fore.

Paying special attention to Quranic verses and traditions, Feiz Kashani developed Sadra s philosophy regarding the MULTIPLICITY of human being in SPECIES. When treating the MULTIPLICITY of human being in SPECIES, he uses Quranic verses and tradition, it, however, does not mean the priority of philosophical way to traditional one. For, giving priority to traditional way in the background of his treatment, he seeks to explain hidden philosophical and mystical designations. The paper has put forth a possibility for treating the MULTIPLICITY of human being in SPECIES in Feiz on the principles of transcendent philosophy, first and then, the clear statements of Feiz have been referred to. This approach has been based upon the interaction of religion and philosophy.

Mulla Sadra considers humans to be a single SPECIES in the ecstasy of the world, and at the same time, he introduces human beings as multiple and different internally. His interpretation of MULTIPLICITY is something which is in change moment-by-moment. This duality in relation to unity has created the suspicion eclecticism in his views and has made the disentanglement of duality difficult. He accepts the criteria through which theologian come up with a new SPECIES and considers the speech capability of human beings as a criterion for considering all human beings belonging to the same SPECIES,however, relying on his theory of substantial motion, he sees human beings as becoming new moment-by-moment. This ambiguity, which can be attributed to the lack of formation of science of logic based on transcendental theology, has make it difficult to clarify the criterion based on Mulla Sadra’s point of view. The present study is concerned with the duality of unity and MULTIPLICITY of the human SPECIES, and the goal is to resolve the duality. However, the conclusion is that, although the idea of plurality of human SPECIES has a clear framework originated from transcendental theology, it is not easy to integrate this idea with the emphasis that Milla Sadra has made on the unity of human SPECIES in the ecstasy of the world.

Abstract Punishment, regardless of its quantity and quality, is always a requirement for the protection of social order, which has been determined by the legislature against crime and violation of norms, and is sometimes intensified. Intensification of punishment is one of the components of the principle of personal punishment and of the practical and challenging nature of public criminal law. One of the common causes of this issue is the number of credits that the legislator has dealt with in Article 3 of the Islamic Penal Code (approved in 1392). Due to the importance of discussing pluralism in criminal law, dire consequences and its non-belonging to a specific crime, the present study, while examining this important and explaining its various dimensions, expresses the challenges that have arisen in line with the provisions of this institution in practice, and to overcome them Has stated solutions. The main question of the article is what challenges can be faced by the institution of credit institution in practice and what solutions can be offered?

Ants are a major part of the ecosystem as they assist in the decomposition process and improve soil quality. In this study the SPECIES richness and biodiversity of these arthropods was assessed in the habitats with varying degrees of human impact in Shiraz, Fars Province, southern Iran. To this end, six habitats including three city parks with the least amount of human destruction (Be’sat, Janat, Babakoohi), two habitats with high amount of manipulation in order to agriculture and urbanization (a field and a destroyed garden) and a natural park without any human manipulation as control, were chosen and sampled bimonthly during 2015 and 2106. A total of 6270 ant workers belonging to 30 SPECIES, 12 genera, and three subfamilies were recorded. The most abundant subfamily was Formicinae (16 SPECIES) followed by Myrmicinae (12 SPECIES), and Dolichoderinae (two SPECIES). The biodiversity indices showed a greater diversity in both natural park and urban landscape: Be’sat and Janat parks, with the lowest amount of human effects, respectively as well as Babakoohi and the lowest in the field and destroyed garden. Although a significant difference was observed with the habitats (F= 4.255, P=0.004) and the months (F= 4.327, P=0.002) of sampling, there was not a significant difference between Babakoohi, natural park, Janat and Be’sat parks (P>0.05) nor between field and destroyed garden (P>0.05).

Ticks are important ectoparasites in equids which causes economic losses in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. This study was aimed to determine frequency and SPECIES diversity of hard ticks in equids in Turkman sahra, Iran. 240 equids were randomly selected and examined from 2018-2019. Ixodid ticks were collected from body surface of examined animals and identified. Of all examined equids, 37.91% horses, and 4.16% donkeys were infested with a total number of 357 ixodid ticks. Tick indices (tick number per animal) were 3.53.  The highest prevalence of hard ticks was found in ≥3 years-old equids in the region. There was significant difference between prevalence and different age groups of infested animals. Of all examined ticks (357), three genera including Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. with four SPECIES. i.e. Hyalomma anatolicum (65.26%), H. marginatum (10.64%), Rhipicephalus bursa (22.12%) and Dermacentor marginatus (1.96%) were identified. Ixodid ticks’ infestations occured throughout the year with the highest prevalence in spring. There was significant difference between prevalence of hard ticks and seasons in this study. The results revealed that SPECIES diversity and ixodid ticks’ infestations were prevalent in the equids of Turkman sahra, Iran.

Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal SPECIES by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of medicinal SPECIES consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal SPECIES consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in medicinal plants consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

The present study is focused on the SPECIES belonging to the genus Maiestas Distant, 1917 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae, Deltocephalini) in Iran, based on some specimens collected during 2016 to 2019 from Southeast Iran and SPECIES that have been previously reported: M. horvathi (Then, 1896), M. pruthii (Metcalf, 1967), M. schmidtgeni (Wagner, 1939), and M. trifasciata (Lindberg, 1954). M. pruthii, previously known from the Oriental region (India and Pakistan), is recorded for the first time in the Palaearctic region from Southeast Iran and M. horvathi is a new record for the fauna of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. An identification key and distribution maps for the Iranian Maiestas SPECIES are provided.

This study is mainly about Imam Khomeini’s view regarding the world’s MULTIPLICITY. According to him the Divine essence as unity is unrecognizable since there is no Divine attributes. The reason of MULTIPLICITY in the realm of absolute unity is the manifestation of the Divine essence on itself and the next step is the manifestation of Divine essence on Divine attributes. These manifestations can make some concepts as: The Greatest NAME of God, Muhammadan reality (peace be upon him), determination, Divine Will, genetic argument, and some other mystical concepts about MULTIPLICITY of the world. Moreover, Imam Khomeini explains his view about the issue of MULTIPLICITY in his mystical books, particularly Mesbaholhedayeh.